Essay on A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens - 3534 Words

A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens Introduction Charles Dickens was born in Landport, Hampshire, in 1812 and died in 1870. His father was a clerk in the navy pay office and family life was occasionally hard, especially when his father had to go to the debtors prison. The young twelve year old Charles became the main money-maker in the family at this time and worked in a blocking factory. Charles father was released a year later and Charles was able to go to school. After school he became a clerk for solicitors, later becoming a journalist, a reporter at Doctors Commons and at 22 joined a London newspaper. He published various papers in the Monthly Magazine, following this up with sketches and articles for the†¦show more content†¦Charles wrote A Christmas Carol in 1843. This short novel has a Christmas theme and has been popular since it was first published. This moral story is about an old man called Scrooge who hates Christmas and is mean to everyone, but he is transformed. The lessons he learns are as much for the reader to benefit from as Scrooge. His transformation is the key event in the novel and the reader clearly sees Scrooge before and after his experiences. This process will now be explored more fully. A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens When we first meet Scrooge he is described as a cold-hearted, selfish, evil man. He was a Tight-fisted hand at the grindstone, A squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner!. He is also described as a very cold man, A frosty rime was on his head, on his eyebrows and on his wiry chin. He carried his own temperature always about with him. The reader gets the impression that whenever somebody may walk past him they would shiver or shudder. When the reader thinks of cold they may think of chilly or they may think symbolically of cold in a person, as in no passion or feeling. When other people meet Scrooge their reaction was to avoid talking to him, nobody asked him even for a little amount of money or what the time was. This was because they knew his answer would be a negative one. Perhaps they thought that if they ignored Scrooge he would go away. It seems as ifShow MoreRelatedCharles Dickens and A Christmas Carol1613 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens and A Christmas Carol: Famed British author, Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, in Portsmouth, England. He was the second of eight children, living in a poor neighborhood in London. His parents were John Dickens, a naval clerk, who always lived beyond his means. Married to his mother Elizabeth Dickens, who aspired to be a teacher and a school director. Dickens went to William Giles’ school in Chatham, Kent, for approximately one year before his father’s money habitsRead MoreA Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens1139 Words   |  5 Pages The book I have chosen is A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens. It has been rewrote few times but I wanted to pick the author that started it all. Charles John Huffman Dickens lived from February 7th,1812 – June 9th,1970 making him 58 when he died. He was buried Westminster Abbey. His mother and father were John and Elizabeth Dickens. He had seven siblings four brothers and three sisters. During his life he was married to his wife Catherine Dickens from 1836 to the day he died. Together they hadRead MoreA Christmas Carol (Charles Dickens)1144 Words   |  5 PagesCharles Dickens believed it was up to him to inform the people of Britain of the social problems occurring around Britain. While Dickens was a young man, he suffered from poverty along with his mother and father. His father was imprisoned for dept and Charles wanted to become a social reformer. Dickens used these problems as themes for his book ‘A Christmas Carol. These themes involve poverty, pollution and a c hanging of ways. Dickens used Scrooge, the main character in the book at first to showRead MoreA Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens1160 Words   |  5 PagesCharles Dickens began writing the famous story â€Å"A Christmas Carol† in October 1843 and wrote excitedly during the next six weeks. He completed the narrative at the end of November so that it could be published by the time it was Christmas. It came out on December 17, 1843 and sold out in only three days (Molly Oldfield). The expression â€Å"Bah! Humbug†, a line repeated many times in the story by its main character, a miserable and bitter fellow by the name of Ebenezer Scrooge, has become a well-knownRead MoreCharles Dickens A Christmas Carol Essay922 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Bah, humbug!† This well-known phrase is popular thanks to Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol. In this literary classic, Dickens tells the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, a â€Å"tight fisted...covetous old sinner† (12). Through a series of hauntings by various Christmas ghosts, Scrooge realizes the error of his ways and changes completely into a warm-hearted, generous man. Scrooge’s tale is a familiar one; countless movies have been filmed, plays have been produced, and references made in other storiesRead MoreCharles Dickens A Christmas Carol1316 Words   |  6 PagesIt can be easily depicted that Christmas is a time of the year to share joyfulness. In Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol, Ebenezer Scrooge is a character that is effortlessly described as a hardheaded cold man. It is simple to judge the character of Scrooge in this manner, but it is important to recognize the change in his personality throughout the story. Scrooge’s transformation happens very quickly, but he becomes generous and caring only when he is forced to see himself through a stranger’sRead MoreA Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens1293 Words   |  6 PagesCharles Dickens presents many sh ort stories and novels. He is greatly known for his short fiction and later theater play, â€Å"A Christmas Carol†. In one short story, a reader could describe it as Charles â€Å"other† Christmas story, an elderly narrator reminisce of holiday past. There is a range of appeal in the story itself from comforting memories of loved toys to leaving the reader with an eerie feeling of various childhood haunts. The reader’s analysis of Dickens use of vivid detail together with hisRead MoreA Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens1331 Words   |  6 PagesChristy Mak 12/21/15 Period three Scrooge Changes In the story, A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens, Scrooge is the main character. In the beginning of the story, he is shown as an old miser counting and gripping his money in the counting house. Later on, Scrooge’s dead business partner, Marley, has visited Scrooge from the grave while being bounded in chains to warn Scrooge to change his ways or suffer the same fate. Soon, three ghosts are sent to visit Scrooge to show him scenes thatRead MoreA Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens914 Words   |  4 PagesFew characters in Christmas literature personify the antithesis of the season like Ebenezer Scrooge. Penned in 1843, Charles Dickens classic, A Christmas Carol has been told and retold. It has become a fixture of the season. So ingrained in our culture, is this story, that everyone knows the name Scrooge and the negative connotation that accompanies it. But what if, instead of just a cranky old miser, Ol Ebenezer Scrooge was more of a rather observant social commenta tor? In order to defendRead MoreThe Life Of Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol1062 Words   |  5 Pageslasted from 1832 to 1901 under Queen Victoria’s reign. The culture revealed in this era was a time of rapid change, social inequality, industrialization, supernatural and religious beliefs, and was accurately reflected in the works of Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol. Roles of men and women were strictly defined, as were economic statuses. The hustle and bustle of the streets led to illnesses. Working conditions were destitute and unsanitary. Children often had little to no education, unless very

Zappos Case Study - 945 Words

V-236 2/12/14 Case 1 Zappos has 10 different commandments that they abide by on the everyday basis. There are two commandments that stand out in my opinion that would influence the way employees do their work. Be adventures, creative and open minded. Giving the employees the ability to take risk when doing their normal day task. For example, the call center workers are promoted to try new things to make the customers feel delighted and appreciated. Where as some jobs that offer a call center have their employees on a scripted dialogue, almost making them sound like robots. I think Zappos has faith in there employment by giving the employees an encouragement to make misstates because they are only going to learn from them.†¦show more content†¦Everyone in the whole company goes through this training regardless of what your rank is and what you do for the company, its mandatory. Then at the end of the four-week training process the whole class is given an offer for $2000 to quit. This whole process of two interviews and training helps Zappos maintain their culture. The right culture with the right values will always produce the best organizational performance. I agree 100% with this statement. There are three things that culture implies; perception, descriptive, and the different backgrounds that individuals have, which are the shared aspect of culture. The perception defines what the employees experience in the work place and how they are treated. If the employees are treated fair and are encouraged to reach new heights with no fear of making a mistake, then in my opinion they would actually try harder. The descriptive implies how the employees feel about the culture of the company, not if they agree with it or not. So if companies have a welcoming environment more people will be intrigued to work for a company with strong cultural values. Getting together the right people for the culture that you want your company to retain is critical. Having the employees in a state of mind where they are comfortable to express themselves while meeting there goals would make any business perform at its best. Other companies could learn a lot from Tony HsiehShow MoreRelatedZappos Case Study751 Words   |  4 PagesQ1. Why would Zappos benefit from the implementation of a CRM system? Zappos would benefit from the implementation of a CRM system, because their customers are already at the heart of their business. They encourage their customers to have direct communication and interaction with the call center agents, averaging 5,000 calls a day. †Customer relationship management (CRM) is a means of managing all aspects of a customer’s relationship with an organization to increase customer loyalty and retentionRead MoreZappos Case Study802 Words   |  4 PagesZappos Case Study 1. Draw and describe the customer benefit t package that Zappos provides. Identify and describe one primary value creation, one support, and one general management Process you might encounter at Zippos. The customer benefit package Zappos provided to their customers is the† Deliver Wow through Service† for customers who ever order from Zappos , and they also provide free shipping in both directions for all their purchases and they often give customers free upgrade surpriseRead MoreZappos Case Study1668 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Zappos (the Company) is an online shoe retailer that started its business in 1999. The Company later expanded and increased the variety of the products it sells by adding clothing, beauty products, and housewares product lines. Additionally, the Company created a brick and mortar storefront to expand the business from online only and increase sales. The Zappos Customer Loyalty Team Case Study emphasizes the customer service department and the drop ship method. The management of Zappos tookRead MoreZappos Case Study1677 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Zappos is an online shoe retailer that started its business in the year 1999. The company later expanded and increased the variety of the products of its business by adding clothing, beauty products, and housewares. The Zappos Customer Loyalty Team Case Study emphasizes on the customer service department and the initial focus the drop ship method. The company also created a brick and mortar storefront to expand the business from online only and increase sales. The management of Zappos tookRead MoreZappos Case Study2082 Words   |  9 PagesCompany Profile Zappos started out by selling shoes online to become the world’s largest online retailer of shoes. Subsequently, in their quest to boost sales, they moved beyond footwear to become an E-tailer that sells ‘anything and everything’. Since its founding, sales have grown exponentially from US$1.6 million in 2000 to US$1B in 2008 (Exhibit 1.). This strong growth was dependent on a strong and loyal customer base, which in turn was dependent on employees who were passionate about and tookRead MoreZappos Case Study1578 Words   |  7 PagesZappos is an online retail company that started in 1999 with one goal of aiming to list the various locations of footwear in a centralized online location for buyers to have easy access of product browsing and purchasing. Gradually, the company moved into selling items themselves, starting with shoes and later with the expansion and incorporation of other items. Today, they are known as one of the biggest online retailers and they are most distinguished from their competitors based on their reputationRead MoreZappos Case Study1923 Words   |  8 PagesZappos is an online shoe retailer that started its business in the year 1999. Later, the company had expanded its business to inclu de the beauty products, clothing and even the housewares within its leading e-commerce website. This case emphasizes on the customer service department of Zappos Company and initially the business focused only on the drop ship method. Eventually, the company also increased the variety of the products. The company had also created a bricks and mortar storefront to expandRead MoreZappos Case Study1378 Words   |  6 PagesZappos to most consumers is a well-known online retailer that started out by carrying in stock only footwear at the time; yet today, both their name and products has extended beyond what one could have imagined it would become. Nick Swinmurn founded Shoesite.com in 1998 and later changed its name to Zappos in 1999; during that year Tony Hsieh came on board as an investor and then became co-CEO in 2001 along with Swinmurn, who eventually left the company after a while (Warrick, Milliman, and FergusonRead MoreZappos Case Study1920 Words   |  8 PagesZappos is an on line shoes retailer that started its business in the year 1999. Later on the company had expanded its business to include the beauty products, clothing and even the housewares within its leading e-commerce website. This case emphasizes on the customer service department of Zappos Company and initially the business focused only on the drop ship method. Later on the company also increased the variety of the products. The company had also created a bricks and mortar storefront to expandRead MoreZappo ¬Ã‚ ¥s Case Study1334 Words   |  6 Pagesyou go buy the same product on a store. Once the risk has been stabilize, zappos creates value by providing an easier shopping experience where customer can go thru an online catalogue and buy from home. Retention By excellence in customer service, clients are constantly in a delight stage bringing high satisfaction levels since they receive way more than what they would expect from any other company and even from zappos itself! Client service and returned policies have created several switching

Defense Mechanisms Animals Use to Survive

Defense mechanisms are very important to all animal life. Animals in every biome must eat to survive. With predators being high on the food chain and always on the lookout for a meal, prey must constantly avoid being eaten. Adaptations that prey employ adds to the chances of survival for the species. Some of these adaptations include defense mechanisms that can give  prey an advantage against their enemies. There are several ways animals avoid falling prey to a predator. One way is very direct and comes naturally. Imagine you are a rabbit and you have just noticed a fox preparing to attack. What would be your initial response? Right, youd run. Animals can use speed as a very effective means of escaping predators. Remember, you cant eat what you cant catch! Camouflage Another defense mechanism is camouflage or protective coloration. One form, cryptic coloration, allows the animal to blend in with its environment and to mask its identity. Cryptic coloration is important to the survival of many new-born and young animals, as it is often their main defense against being detected by predators. Some animals blend in so well with their environment that it is very difficult to identify them. For example, some insects and other animals can look like leaves; both in their visual appearance and their behavior. It is important to note that predators also use cryptic coloration to avoid detection by unsuspecting prey. Playing Dead When faced with danger, some animals pretend to be dead. This type of adaption is known as thanatosis. Opossums and snakes can even emit a fluid that produces a foul smell, thus adding to the pretense. Such behavior tricks predators into thinking that the animal is dead. Since most predators avoid dead or rotting animals, this type of defense mechanism is often very effective. Trickery Trickery can also be used as a formidable defense. False features that appear to be enormous eyes or appendages can serve to dissuade potential predators. Mimicking an animal that is dangerous to a predator is another effective means of avoiding being eaten. For example, some harmless snakes have bright warning colors that resemble the colors of dangerously venomous snakes. Warning calls can also be used by one animal species to trick another animal species. The African fork-tailed drongo bird has been known to mimic meerkat warning calls when meerkats are eating their prey. The alarm causes the meerkats to flee, leaving their abandoned meal for the drongo to finish. Physical Features Physical anatomical structures can also serve as a type of defense mechanism. Some animals physical features make them very undesirable meals. Porcupines, for example, make a very difficult meal for predators because of their extremely sharp quills. Similarly, predators would have a tough time trying to get to a turtle through its protective shell. Chemical Features Chemical features can be just as effective at deterring predators. We all know the hazards of scaring a skunk! The chemicals released result in a not so pleasant aroma that an attacker will never forget. The dart frog also uses chemicals (poisons secreted from its skin) to deter attackers. Any animals that eat these small frogs are likely to get very sick or die. Warning Calls Some animals sound the alarm when danger approaches. For example, oxpeckers (birds that live in mutualistic relationships with grazing animals) will give a loud warning call when predators get too close. African elephants emit a rumbling alarm call when they hear the sound of African bees. Animals can also give distinctive calls to identify the type of threat. For instance, monkeys have one alarm sound for leopards and a different sound for eagles. Predator-Prey Relationship To sum it all up, the predator-prey relationship is important to maintaining balance among different animal species. Adaptations that are beneficial to prey, such as chemical and physical defenses, ensure that the species will survive. At the same time, predators must undergo certain adaptive changes to make finding and capturing prey less difficult. Without predators, certain species of prey would drive other species to extinction through competition. Without prey, there would be no predators. The animal organisms in such an environment could become endangered or even extinct. The  predator-prey relationship ensures that the cycle of nutrients in biomes continues. Thus, this relationship is vital to the existence of life as we know it.

Working Memory - 5992 Words

Working Memory ââ€"  Working memory enables us to keep things in mind for short periods (215 seconds) as we think, e.g. while reading, making a list etc. ââ€"  It s related to but different to short-term-memory (STM) and long-term-memory (LTM). ââ€"  Chapter focuses on Baddley s (1986) model of phonological working memory, vocabulary acquisition and computational modelling of working-memory. ââ€"  The concept of span means how many items from a briefly presented set can be remembered, e.g. word span is the number of words that can be recalled if reading a list of say 20 words. Digit span, operation span, reading span etc. are similar tests. Models of working memory evolved over time: Atkinson Shiffrin (1971) Baddeley Hitch (1974)†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â€"   However he tested normally for long-term learning and memory, and had no problems understanding normal speech, so spared LTM. ââ€"   This suggests STM and LTM are distinct and normal STM is not required for LTM to function normally. ââ€"  Garden path sentences show we do retain words in memory as we process them (building up and interpreting sentences) but there are competing theories: ââ€"‹ Just and Carpenter (1992) claimed individual ability to hold multiple interpretations depends on working memory capacityÍ ¾ ââ€"‹ Caplan and Waters (1999) argued working memory isn’t involved as comprehension is done by a separate system. 5.1.3 Working memory as more than STM ââ€"  Baddeley and Hitch (1974) investigated whether STM acts as working memory: ââ€"‹ They used a dualtask paradigm (if two tasks interfere with each other they may be competing for the same limited resource): ââ€"   Participants simultaneously did an STM test, remembering and repeating a sixdigit sequence, along with one of three cognitive tasks: reasoning, language comprehension or list learningÍ ¾ ââ€"‹ They found: ââ€"   load in the STM task adversely affected cognitive performance, although a small number of items could be remembered without affecting the main task much, suggesting that information might be transiently stored and processed simultaneously by working memory, and that there may be two systems involved, one for storage and one for processingÍ ¾Show MoreRelatedWorking Memory and Its Benefits Essay2434 Words   |  10 Pagesfunctioning effectively to face immediate environmental changes in our everyday life. This ability is called the Working Memory. The term working memory was coined by Miller, Galanter, and Pribram in 1960 (Baddeley, 2003). It refers to the temporary storage in the brain for manipulation of necessary information to execute cognitive tasks. According to Baddeley and Hitch’s study (1974), working memory comprises three main components, a control system, the central executive and two storage systems, the visuospatialRead Moreworking memory18399 Words   |  74 PagesPAGES CHAPTER Working Memory 6 Le arn i ng O b j ec t i ves 1. Using Working Memory 1.1. A Computer Metaphor 1.2. Implications of the Nature of Working Memory 2. From Primary Memory to Working Memory: A Brief History 2.1. William James: Primary Memory, Secondary Memory, and Consciousness 2.2. Early Studies: The Characteristics of Short-Term Memory 2.2.1. Brevity of Duration 2.2.2. Ready Accessibility 2.3. The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: The Relationship of Short-Term and LongTerm Memory 2.4. The Baddeley-HitchRead MoreWorking Memory Trainings and Limits of Its Transfer2205 Words   |  9 PagesWorking Memory Trainings and Limits of Its Transfer Working memory is the ability one has to manipulate and maintain information mentally, while ignoring other irrelevant distractions and interference in the brain. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of interest in this field. Research in this area is in fact, still a currently active and quickly developing area. Working memory is so essential in every person’s everyday life that one would not be able to function and perform theirRead MoreWorking Memory : The State Of Memory1367 Words   |  6 PagesWorking Memory describes the state of memory we are actively engaged with. It performs the functions of receiving, temporarily holding and manipulating information (Baddeley, 2010). To assess memory psychologists have found it helpful to define their theories as models. Atkinson and Shiffrin ‘s 1968 Stage Model of Memory defined 3 main components of memory systems; sensory memory from perception of experience that becomes short-term memory (STM), which through rehearsal loads more permanent connectionsRead MoreThe Effects Of Bilingualism On The Executive Function And Working Memory1948 Words   |  8 Pagesmore rapidly to conditions that placed greater demands on working memory. In all cases the bilingual advantage was greater for older participants. These two findings imply that bilingualism have beneficial effects on the executive function and working memory. Besides the excellent executive function ability and the great capability of working memory, researchers also found out that bilinguals have advantages on a particular working memory. The study of Luo et.al (2013) demonstrated that bilingualsRead MoreThe Aging Memory: A Research on Working Memory and Recall Essay1969 Words   |  8 PagesThe aging memory: short-term memory and rec all performance differences found in age groups. 1. Introduction The following research proposal aims to continue to further the discussion and study into human memory. However, specifically more into the difference that can be found between age groups in terms of short-term memory and recall performance. Motivation to undertake in such a study can be said to expand on the existing knowledge as well as to close any gaps due to lack of insight and testingRead MoreEvaluate the Working Memory Model1310 Words   |  6 PagesEvaluate the Working Memory Introduction Human memory is a complex cognitive structure, which can be defined in many ways. One would argue that memory is 1.) The mental function of retaining information about stimuli, event, images, ideas, etc. after the original stimuli is no longer present. 2.) The hypothesized storage system in the mind that holds this information is so retained. A clear distinction is made between different types of memory systems and can be divided into subclasses. TheRead MoreThe Effects Of Anxiety Disorders And Situational Anxiety On Short Term Working Memory1651 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: This research paper summarizes the results of three academic articles exploring the effects of anxiety disorders, and situational anxiety on short term working memory. These three articles all used different methods in attempt to connect anxiety with working memory performance. To summarize, these studies attempt to answer the question of whether or not an attentional bias toward threatening (anxiety triggering) exposure or conditions, causes a greater susceptibility to distraction andRead MoreThe Effect Of Speed Pressure On Working Memory During Mental Arithmetic Tasks1211 Words   |  5 Pagesspeed pressure on working memory during mental arithmetic tasks. 392 undergraduate students’ working memory capacities were measured and participants were divided into high and low working memory groups. They were then randomly assigned into the fast or slow condition and tested with the critical stimuli compromised of addition equations. The findings showed that fast conditions result in higher error rates than the slow conditions. The speed pressure also caused high working memory individuals to shiftRead MoreWorking Memory Model Essay941 Words   |  4 Pagesfor being a very simplistic view of memory. They saw short term memory as a store that had many individual sections inside it. This was supported by patient KF who had epilepsy, the doctor wanted to try and remedy this by removing his hippocampus. This surgery was done, however instead of fixing his epilepsy, it damaged his short term memory, yet he still had his long term memory intact. In the multi-store model it states that in order to have long term memory, one needs to have gone through the

Compare and contrast Goffmans and Foucaults explanations of how social order is made and remade Free Essays

Social order is the way individuals fit together with others and things around them (E. Silva, 2009, page 311), it’s what keeps society running smoothly. Order is the implicit (unwritten and unspoken) and explicit (laws, written and spoken) rules that control society’s behaviour and make individuals courteous and respectful to one another. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast Goffmans and Foucaults explanations of how social order is made and remade or any similar topic only for you Order Now These rules usually go unnoticed and it is only when something happens that is against the norm (earthquake, car accident, and mugging, among other examples) that people begin to question the rules that keep them in order. Both Goffman and Foucault made attempts to explain how order is made and remade. Goffman used a micro approach to explaining order; that is, he concentrated on the individual and patterns of everyday interactions while Foucault used a macro approach, looking at wider society, genealogy and power to explain order. There are many similarities and differences between their approaches. Goffman’s work on interactional order argued that individuals are performers, who act, adopt a mask or follow the norm in their everyday lives (S. Taylor, 2009, page 172). He argued that order is made and remade through every day interactions and that the order is created by repetition and improvisation. He believes that social change comes about due to actions being built and rebuilt (E. Silva, 2009, page 317). Goffman examined rituals and interactions in everyday lives and saw how tact and trust were shown through the use of actions, gestures and language between strangers. Strangers exchange a number of codes of civil indifference through implicit contracts which both allow acknowledgement and protection. However, order breaks down when these codes are misinterpreted or misread and on some occasions punishment follows. First impressions are important and Goffman believes that individuals ‘put on a show’ to try and manage the impression they are giving which helps us to read the situation and categorise people to make a sense of order. Foucault however, looked at discourse (a set of shared ideas used to view the functions of society) and how order is controlled by knowledge and power. Foucault looked at how the knowledge of order comes about (E. Silva, 2009, page 319). He argued that the authority to intervene is allocated to certain individuals (or institutions) and is instigated through practices of law, punishment and education and that different institutions (school, family, workplace for example) have different powers of intervention to regulate behaviour and order. Discourses help shape society towards popular attitudes and allow people to know if they are ‘normal’ by behaving in a certain way. Foucault disputes Goffman’s idea that the individual is self-aware, coherent and in control, he believes that individuals have very little control and that we behave according to knowledge gained through socialisation that we ‘pick up’ as we age. Foucault sees individuals as docile and passive who cooperate in subordination. Foucault believes in a disciplinary society dominated by professionals (experts) who use discourse based on knowledge and power to make and remake social order. Foucault believes there are three different types of power involved in making social order. Sovereign power (power of society’s ruling authority; monarchy, state or political authority) exercises power through the ability to visibly punish wrong-doers. The second form of power is surveillance, where information is gathered and held to keep people in line, to control their behaviour and make them conform to social order. People understand they are under constant surveillance and begin to adjust their behaviour to regulate conduct to be ‘normal’. The third for of power is self-directing and active. This is when individuals believe they are unique and as a result of internalised discipline they order themselves (E. Silva, 2009, pages 321-322). A good example of social order in process is road traffic and road design. The Buchanan Report (Ministry of Transport, 1963) was commissioned to produce a new design for space and roads in the towns around the UK. It was produced in response to the rising number of traffic in towns and residential areas and was about the needs of individuals to live with motor vehicles (E. Silva, 2009, page 327). Buchanan used the argument of scientific rationality (the universally accepted standards that are understood by knowledge), claiming that ‘†¦ Guesswork and intuition can be largely eliminated; given the necessary information†¦ ’ (Buchanan cited in E. Silva, 2009, page 329). Buchanan concluded that traffic and pedestrians need to be segregated and bound by rules through visible displays (such as signs, speed humps and so on). Buchanan’s report is an example of the modernist approach, where space is controlled by rules, prohibitions and orders requiring motorists to adapt to known systems of motoring. Buchanan uses scientific rationality to explain how road users know the rules of the road. He believes that through visible signs and knowledge people learn how to use the road orderly and safely. Foucault claims that people learn order through the knowledge of discourse. He believes that individuals are docile and subordinate and follow rules that have been taught through power by ‘experts’. The Buchanan report shows individual intuition has been eliminated; Foucault also believes that individuals are not in control of their own destinies (E. Silva, 2009, page 321). In contrast to the Buchanan report and Foucault’s order of things approach, Monderman’s thesis allows for individual thought and awareness. Monderman, after years of segregation between vehicles and pedestrians suggested a theory of ‘shared-space’ for road and path users. Starting in the Netherlands in the early 80s, Monderman carried out experiments on road design to show that by creating areas where pedestrians, vehicles and cyclists share the same space to move around, road safety can be improved and awareness of motorists can be increased. Monderman believed people moved round in ‘zombie-like’ states while driving on traditional road designs (segregation of motorists and pedestrians) and are taught to blindly follow instructions and not to think for themselves. He believes this is when accidents occur (order is disrupted) (Monderman cited in E. Silva, 2009, 334-335). In his experiment in the town of Oudeshaske, Netherlands, he removed all road signs, barriers, etc and created an even surface with no road or path markings. He replaced these with trees, flowers and in some areas even fountains to help control behaviour on the roads by psychologically calming traffic by reducing speed and making motorists and pedestrians alike more aware of others around them. Both motorists and pedestrians have to make eye contact before moving/crossing thus making them responsible and aware of their own behaviour. Monderman’s flexible approach of the shared-space scheme, allow for individuals to act of their own accord and to make their own decisions on social order. This is similar to Goffman’s interactional order, where he believes everyday interactions are responsible for making social order. Monderman believes there is a redistribution of expertise, with individuals becoming experts in road safety and their abilities to negotiate shared space (e. Silva, 2009, page 341) and Goffman also believes that individual performers are responsible for creating social change to produce order. In his work, Goffman used participant observation and ethnography to support his theory. By using these methods he studied current issues to find invisible social order to capture the understanding and manifestation of how society is ordered. Foucault however, studied historical documents to question familiarities in the present and found that through processes of social development, social order was created (E. Silva, 2009, page 323). Their methods of investigation differ and this can also have an effect on outcomes. Participant observation can be biased. However, searching historical evidence can only be as reliable as the record keepers at the time. Overall, both Goffman and Foucault have produced theories on how social order is created and maintained, they both agree that society is and integration of fragments being ordered differently, for Goffman these are individual interactions and Foucault believes they are discourses organised by knowledge and power (E. Silva, 2009, page 323). By looking at the present and the individual, Goffman fails to allow for historical influences to factor in to how order is made, Foucault however, allows for historical influences, but fails to allow for the impact of individual personality in the creation of social order. Foucault’s macro theory looks at wider society to explain how social order is formed, this can be beneficial because he looks at historical evidence to see how present social order is formed. Goffman’s micro theory looks at smaller everyday actions and interactions and shows how individuals are responsible (to some extent) for creating social order. How to cite Compare and contrast Goffmans and Foucaults explanations of how social order is made and remade, Essays

Analysis and Solutions Market Failures Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Analysis and Solutions : Market Failures. Answer: Introduction: CSR policies play great roles in the smooth and effective running of any business. Its very beneficial to implement CSR policies in any company. This concept of corporate social responsibility has continuously grown over the past years. This concept has developed both in academics and communities of practitioners worldwide. Most of the discussions going on in newspapers regarding business are related to CSR either its contribution in business or a certain conference being carried out. An exploitation of some interest in CSR has been seen to dominate Europe and around the world as well (Vogel, p 16). Initially CSR was regarded as a business type that was domestic especially in its regions of origin however its a concept that has spread worldwide and its virtually in all developed countries and taking roots in developing countries as well. The debate on CSR has been in existence for a very long time and there have been supporters and detractors in almost equal measures. The discussion on these arguments has been done in an extensive manner. However from my view the CSR polices have to be implemented by any serious company that means business in whatever they venture into (Porter and Kramer, p 87). If a business is socially responsible for the activities its carrying out then the long term benefits are all theirs. For any healthy climate of doing business to exist and which has to be functional in the future then actions that ensure long term viability have to be taken at an early stage (Archie and Kareem, p 87). The government regulations are easily done away with if one adopts the CSR in their business. With CSR the government interventions for the future regarding the business can be forestalled. This is possible because with CSR the business is able to police itself with standards regarding self discipline and the expectations of the society are well fulfilled with CSR the said business has enough resources and also has its own say regarding how its running its business. The adoption of CSR implies that the business has the necessary resources and a good reservoir of talents related to management. The capital and functional expertise are also in sufficient supply (Valor, p 318). The business is therefore better placed to be given the chance of solving its own social problems. With the use of CSR polices comes the idea where pro-acting is deemed better than reacting. In this perspective, pro-acting which entails the act of anticipation followed by planning and then initiating is proved to be less costly and more practical compared to a situation where there is much reaction to issues of social matters the moment they occur (Chen, Patten and Roberts, p 143). Owing the strong support of CSR policies by the public its advised that businesses should engage in it more often. Its through this CSR that the public believes its the responsibility of the business to take care of their workers and also communities. It may require some sacrifices by the business to make things better for these stakeholders. The use of these policies has also led to high morals among employees as well as reputations that are good. However such ideas do not reflect on the balance sheet. For any firm that runs on profit basis the CSR makes a good representation of allocating discretionary resources in a civic-minded way (Pivato, Misani and Tencati, p 208). This idea of profitability has recently become the most influential however its not the only reason as to why corporate have to behave in a virtuous manner. In regards to the CSR business case firms are expected to behave in a more responsible manner with a belief that when one wants to be more competitive then they have to be a better corporate citizen. This has made managers more responsible and much public spirited. Fewer business risks are faced by a firm that is managed in a much more responsible way compared to its competitors who are less virtuous (De Schutter, p 219). This in the end result avoids boycotts by consumers, capitals are obtained at a lesser cost and one is better placed when it comes to attracting and retaining employees that are committed and loyal. The firms that do not recognize the importance of CSR are more disadvantaged in the market place. Any investor that sounds responsible and sophisticated may find such firms too risk working with. This may lead to the decline in the value of their brands and also they may lose morale of their employees. However all said and done there are a few objections to the CSR policies such as most businesses may not be well equipped to handle some social activities and most managers have their orientation towards operations and finance. Therefore may lack expertise in making decisions that are socially oriented. Some people are of the view that CSR also seems to dilute the main purposes of any business (Barnett, p 802). The business may venture into fields that are not in any way related to their main goals. Its also argued that the business already has enough powers and there is no need for extra powers of dealing with social problems. Some feel the CSR policies if adopted may make the company less competitive globally. Conclusion In view of the above arguments Im of the idea that businesses should implement the CSR policies because the positive impacts far much outweigh the objections and again most of the objections are only views or rather speculative ideas with no profound basis. Its seen that the CSR policies come with a lot of business strength in the sense that any company that operates under these polices wins a lot of customer trust. Not only that, but also attracts more investors because they feel a sense of protection in whatever they want to venture into. This is different from those businesses that operate without CSR policies. Its taken them time and resources to win the trust of both clients and prospective investors. In this global world most serious businesses with long lasting visions are operating with CSR policies. Its become the normal way of doing and surviving in the competitive fast growing business world. References Barnett, M.L. (2007). Stakeholder influence capacity and the variability of financial returns to corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Review, 32, pp. 794 816. Chen, J.C., Patten, D.M. and Roberts, R. (2008). Corporate charitable contributions: a corporate social performance or legitimacy strategy? Journal of Business Ethics, 82, pp. 131144. De Schutter, O. (2008). Corporate social responsibility European style. European Law Journal, 14, pp. 203236. Vogel, D (2006). Market for Virtue, Brookings Institution Press, Washington. Available from: ProQuest Ebook Central. [27 March 2017]. Pg 16-27. Pivato, S., Misani, N. and Tencati, A. (2008). The impact of corporate social responsibility on consumer trust: the case of organic food. Business Ethics: A European Review, 17, pp. 312. Valor, C. (2008). Can consumers buy responsibly? Analysis and solutions for market failures. Journal of Consumer Policy, 31, pp. 315326. Porter, M.E. and Kramer, M.R. (2006). Strategy society: the link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84, pp. 7892. Archie B. C. and Kareem M. S. (2010). The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review of Concepts, Research and Practice. International Journal of Management Reviewspg 86-89.

Starbucks Foreign Direct Investment Case Study @Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Describe about the Case Study Analysis for Starbucks Foreign Direct Investment? Answer: Introduction Starbuck Corporation is the biggest retailer of coffee in many countries across the globe. There were some of the most important factors for the corporation before entering the foreign market segments. Collaboration with the other retailers of the respective countries helped Starbuck to establish its brand name across various countries. The licensing format was used by the Corporation in the different market segments of Japan (Choudhry, 2010). The key strategy of the corporation was to sell companys premium roasted coffee as well as the fresh brew coffee beverages including a variety of pastries as well as the coffee products. This paper will reflect the foreign direct investment analysis in different market segments, the staffing approach of the organization and the different market entry strategies of Starbuck. Foreign market analysis of Starbuck within different markets revealed in the case Starbuck Corporation has become the largest retailer of coffee throughout the world. Collaborative, as well as the corporative strategies, have helped the company in succeeding internationally. The corporation applied to the flexible strategy for entering within the international market, in the year 1995. Licensing, whole ownership, and the joint venture strategies have helped the corporation in successfully establishing its strategies throughout many countries across the world (Burgess, 2009). Moreover, the company focused on the desired services provided to the respective customers. The company started exploring the foreign opportunities with having 700 stores in the year 1995. The first target market for the Starbuck Corporation was Japan and the primary strategy of the company was to sell companys premium roasted coffee as well as the fresh brew coffee beverages including a variety of pastries as well as the coffee accessories. Moreover, the corporation has resisted the franchisi ng strategy in the North America as the stores were completely owned by the company itself. The management team of the company decided to expand its business process in different parts of the world by having the franchising strategy and then the company decided to license to its desired format in different parts of Japan. The primary motive was to enhance the growth and the development of the business process within the different parts of the world. It is expected that the coffee industry will grow continually at a steady rate and the demand for the coffee will also increase throughout the world. It was supposed that if the coffee market of United States declines then another coffee market will emerge (Connors, 2012). On the other hand, the company realized that the pure licensing system will not provide the complete control to the company for ensuring Japanese Licenses which was closely followed by the successful formula of Starbuck. Thus, it became very important for the company t o execute its desired business process within the international markets. Furthermore, the company established the desired joint venture with a local retailer named Sazaby Inc. the most interesting fact was that each of the company included in the venture held a 50% of the total share. The company was trying to extend its market segments and the business process in the different parts of Japan. Moreover, the company invested $10 million in order to expand its desired business processes and this was the first foreign direct investment from the corporation. The format of the Starbuck was then licensed to the newly formed venture and the primary responsibility was to growth the presence of Starbuck within the entire market segments of Japan. The quality of the food products s, as well as the quality of the services, was the primary area for the company to improve. The main motive of Starbuck Corporation was to capture the entire market segments of Japan through its presence in the competitive market segments. Starbuck Corporation transferred some of its experienced employees to Japan in order to replicate the desired experience of Starbuck within the targeted marketed segments (Hall, 2014). The company was looking for to enhance the desired skills and the knowledge of the Japanese employees in order to increase the overall productivity of the organization. Thus, the foreign direct investment from the corporation was mainly to enhance the brand reputation of the corporation all over the world. Employees from different countries were playing a major role in the development and growth of the entire organization throughout the different countries of the world. The foreign direct investment suggested that the company was trying to establish its barriers in different countries of the world. On the other hand, the licensing agreement from Starbuck re vealed the desired fact the training was made compulsory for the Japanese managers, as well as the employees and the training, was similar to the training that was provided to the e employees the United States. Moreover, Starbuck focused on the employee hiring as well as the training programs, the company believed that the programs will help in increasing the selling of the products and will finally increase the profitability of the organization to a large extent (Hyukjun Choi, 2015). The foreign direct investments were made in different countries and the company was expecting to bring out more positive results from the Japanese market segments, therefore, it considered the employees to be highly skilled in order to increase the profitability of the organization. In the year 2001, Starbuck Corporation introduced the stock plan for all of the Japanese employees and was the first company to do this in Japan. The core competency was the major ability of Starbuck which effectively lever age their desired differentiation strategies for the product. It was the matter of fact that at the end of 2007 Starbuck had more than 700 stores throughout the different parts of Japan. The corporation embarked an aggressive plan of foreign investment after Japan. In the year 1998, the corporation purchased a British coffee chain which was named as Seattle Coffee and the chain had nearly 60 retail stores which cost for $84 million. The desired fact behind the starting of the chain was that there was an American couple who started the chain in order to establish a coffee chain like this of Starbuck. As the time was passing, Starbuck Corporation was on the way of establishing more number of the stores across different countries in order to increase the efficiency of the entire organization (Kllezi, 2013). In the year 1990, there were several stores from Starbuck Corporation which were opened in different countries such as China, Singapore, Taiwan, New Zealand, Thailand, Malaysia and South Korea. The company used the same format as it uses the format in the United States as this was the most successful plan which helped in establishing the desired business process of t he company throughout the country. The company used different techniques in order to increase the productivity as well as the profitability of the entire organization. Moreover, the foreign direct investment with the other companies throughout the different countries proved to be a success for Starbuck and this increased the overall reputation of the entire organization (Kenneth Shaw, 2015). In Thailand, the corporation used different techniques in order to establish its market segments. The most promising factors were the desired collaboration with the local partners of the different countries. Suitability of diverse market entry strategies by Starbucks within different foreign markets Starbuck Corporation is one of the well known and largest coffeehouse chains in Seattle within the United States. The competitive strategy of the company helped to achieve its desired goals. The company focused on the differentiation strategy in order to gain desired advantage over its respective competitors. The strategy of the company was to sell the desired roasted premium coffee of the corporation to the respective customers throughout the world. There were three of the most important factors that helped the company to establish its market segments throughout the globe. Moreover, the company was engaged in providing the top quality of the customer services to the respective customers. The past researchers have critically evaluated the desired fact that the customers service is one of the most important factors that plays the most important role in retaining the old customers as well, as attract new customers towards the organization. On the other hand, the collaboration with the local partners of the different countries such as Japan, China and many more helped in establishing the business processes of Starbuck. Throughout, Asia the common strategy of Starbuck was to license the desired format of Starbuck that was already in the United States. The licensing of the desired format of Starbuck from the local retailers of the different countries was a major step in establishing its business processes in those market segments (Latest composites market survey continues positive trend, 2015). The returning of the licensing fees and the royalties of the concerned stores revenues were most important for Starbuck. Moreover, the company considered the training to the respective employees to be most important as the training would help in enhancing the overall performance of the organization (Zheleznov and Zheng, 2014). It was supposed that the proper means of training will; help in delivering the best services to the customers and it will bring out the desired success for the organization. Furthermore, the customers services for any organization are very important as it helps in satisfying the respective customers and this evaluates the desired growth of the concerned organization. One of the best strategies used by Starbuck is the differentiation in the pricing strategies of the desired products served to the different customers. The mixing of the coffee and the innovations in the desired products of Starbuck provided the desired platform to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors within the confined market segments. However, the company was disenchanted with some other types of the licensing agreements with the different partners. It is very important for any organization to understand the desired needs of the customers as it will help in serving the desired services and products as per the needs of the customers (Lin and Pazgal, 2015). The satisfaction level of the customers helps in enhancing the overall profitability of the organi zation. Many times the corporation turned the licensing into joint-venture and it also owned some of the subsidiaries. In Thailand, the company entered the business market with the same strategy to license with its respective local partners within the market segments. Under the desired licensing agreement the different retailers agreed to increase the number of the stores for Starbuck. But the raising funds was difficult for the different Coffee Partners of Starbuck and the corporation was took the matter seriously as this could affect the overall productivity as well as the profitability of the entire organization. Rising of the funds from the Thai banks was very difficult for the different coffee partners and the company also faced difficulty in expanding this finance in the month of July. Thus, it became very important for the management team to formulate suitable strategies in order to increase the overall profitability and the productivity of the organization. Moreover, the company used the diversification strategy in order to increase the effectiveness of the entire organization (Littlejohns, 2 013). It is very important for the different organizations to differentiate their desired products from that of the competitors as this will help in increasing the selling of the products. The company enhanced the mixing of the coffee in order to attract a large number of the customers. In the year 2002, July the Starbuck acquired some coffee partners for near about $12 million. The primary aim of the Corporation was to have tight control over the expansion strategy which was very important to execute the desired business process in a well-defined manner (Macomber, 2014). The expansion strategy of the company proved to be most important as it increased the overall efficiency of the organization and it proved to be very important for the significant growth of the organization. Suitability of staffing approach utilized by Starbucks in Japan and in relation to their corporate strategy Staffing approach is considered to be very important for any of the organization as it helps in establishing the barriers of the desired organization within the competitive market segments. The company used different types of approach for the respective in order to increase the selling of the desired coffee and the coffee products (The latest product news and technologies for the aesthetic and anti-ageing market, 2011). As the company introduced the licensing format within the desired market segments of Japan, therefore, it was very important for the management team of the Starbuck Corporation to provide suitable training to the respective employees. The company arranged proper means of training for the respective employees in order to enhance the satisfaction of the respective customers (Mlinko, 2010). Skills, as well as the desired knowledge of the employees, are considered to be of great importance as this helps in providing reliable customer services to the respective customers o f the organization. Moreover, the hiring, as well as the training programs to the respective employees in Japan, was considered to be more important s this may increase the brand reputation of the entire organization. On the other hand, compensation was important for the respective employees, as this would provide motivation to the respective employees of the organization (Moghadasian and Eskin, 2012). It was very important for the organization to arrange training programs as per the strict guidelines provided by the training department and the training should be as per the format as well as the layout of the licensing agreements (Nahai, 2014). It is important for the management team of any organization to make the employees understand regarding the customer handling and the desired business processes of the entire organization. The employees were considered to be most important for the organization as they can evaluate the desired growth of the entire organization (Newcomer, Wholey , and Hatry, 2015). As the licensing format was quite different therefore the training for the respective employees of the organization was considered to be of great importance. The expansion strategy of the company was different to capture the entire market segments of the different countries and, therefore, it was very important for the employees to understand the expansion strategy as they may help in expanding the barriers of the organization. It is very important for the employees to handle the customers in difficult situations; therefore, the training program arranged by the organization helped the employees to assist the customers with the better quality of the customer services (Sauvant, McAllister, and Maschek, 2010). The employees needs to adapt as per the desired market segments and the training helped them to understand the desired requirements of the customers as the quality of the coffee and the different coffee products increase the satisfaction of the customers. Moti vation is considered to be most important for the employees s it helps to enhance the overall performances of the employees. The corporation is aimed at providing the coffees as well as the different coffee products which will give a different taste to the different customers of the organization. The company has critically developed a distinctive training as well as the development program that will help the employees to bring out the desired success of the organization (Skeete, 2009). The Human Resource department of the company completely ensures that the organization follows the rules and regulations of the corporation in recruiting and selecting the eligible candidates for the desired post. As per the corporate strategy, it is very important for the human Resource department of Starbuck to verify the desired skills as well as the knowledge of the employees regarding their selection within the corporation. The satisfaction of the customers helps in expanding the desired business process of the organization over the entire market segments (Starbuck, 2007). There were several problems encountered within t he organization such as the high turnover of the employees, therefore, it becomes the core responsibility of the Human Resource department formulates better strategies in order to solve these problems. There is a vast difference between the cultures of the United States and the Japanese culture, therefore, the employees were provided suitable and desired to train to enhance the capability while assisting as well as handling the customers in difficult situations (Starbucks Coffee Company, 2016). The effective strategies were different as per the different requirements of the two market segments. Thus, the training programs were also developed on the basis of different requirements of the customers as per the changing trends in the market segments (Change of approach to safe staffing ratios triggers debate, 2015). The primary motive of the organization was to provide full assistance to the customers as the satisfactory services and the quality of the services plays the most important role in increasing the overall efficiency of the entire organization (Stephan, 2006). In order to increase the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the organization, it was very important for the employees to understand the desired requirements and taste of the different customers throughout the market segments (The latest product news and technologies for the aesthetic and anti-ageing market, 2011). Moreover, the management team of the organization ensured that the sufficient funds were acquired in order to fulfill the demands and the needs of the respective employees of the organization. Conclusions Starbuck is the largest retailer in the field of Coffee and Coffee products. The company has established its brand name in different countries all across the globe. At first, the company captured the entire market segments of the United States by providing the high quality of the coffee and different tastes of the coffee product to respective customers. Then the organization planned to enter into Japan and different countries and the organization got success with the help of the licensing strategy with the local retailers. The main motive was to sell premium roasted coffee as well as the fresh brew coffee beverages including a large number of other products. There was different staffing approach adopted by the Human Resource department in order to increase the profitability of the organization. References Burgess, G. (2009).Trading and investing in the forex market using chart techniques. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley. Change of approach to safe staffing ratios triggers debate. (2015).Mental Health Practice, 18(10), pp.6-6. Choudhry, M. (2010).Capital market instruments. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Connors, T. (2012).The volunteer management handbook. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley. Hall, M. (2014). Disingenuous: The Latest Legal Challenges to Insurance Market Reforms.Hastings Center Report, 44(5), pp.6-7. Hyukjun Choi, (2015). An Entry Strategies on Chinese Online Market of Korean SME's.the business studies, 16(3), pp.221-243. Kllezi, J. (2013). Strategies of Entry Modes: The Case of Greek Banks Entering the Albanian Market.AJIS. Kenneth Shaw, (2015). Foreign Market Entry Strategies.China-USA Business Review, 14(8). The latest composites market survey continues the positive trend. (2015).Reinforced Plastics, 59(5), p.217. Lin, Y. and Pazgal, A. (2015). Hide Supremacy or Admit InferiorityMarket Entry Strategies in Response to Consumer Informational Needs.Customer Needs and Solutions. Littlejohns, P. (2013). Time for an evidence-based approach to staffing.BMJ, 346(may15 1), pp.f3002-f3002. Macomber, D. (2014).92 Pacific Boulevard. Harlequin MIRA. Mlinko, A. (2010).Shoulder season. Minneapolis: Coffee House Press. Moghadasian, M., and Eskin, N. (2012).Functional foods and cardiovascular disease. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor Francis. Nahai, M. (2014).The Art of Aesthetic Surgery. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Newcomer, K., Wholey, J., and Hatry, H. (2015).Handbook of practical program evaluation, 4th ed. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass. Sauvant, K., McAllister, G. and Maschek, W. (2010).Foreign direct investments from emerging markets. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Sauvant, K., McAllister, G. and Maschek, W. (2010).Foreign direct investments from emerging markets. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Skeete, H. (2009).The future of the financial exchanges. Burlington, MA: MondoVisione/Elsevier. Starbuck, W. (2007). Testing case-descriptive models.Syst. Res., 6(3), pp.191-199. Starbucks Coffee Company, (2016).Starbucks: The Best Coffee Makers and Cold Brew Coffee. [online] Available at: https://www.starbucks.com/ [Accessed 8 Feb. 2016]. Stephan, J. (2006).Technology transfer via foreign direct investment in Central and Eastern Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. The latest product news and technologies for the aesthetic and anti-ageing market. (2011).Prime, 1(2), pp.80-81. The latest product news and technologies for the aesthetic and anti-ageing market. (2011).Prime, 1(3), pp.80-81. Zheleznov, A. and Zheng, J. (2014). Critical Impact of Latest Quality Issues and China Dairy Market Economic Overview: Comparative Analysis.Asian Social Science, 11(1).